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How astronomers measure distance to stars: parallax for nearby stars, then standard candles such as Cepheids, linked as the cosmic distance ladder.
Tidal locking explained: why the Moon always shows one face, how a planet ends up with a permanent dayside and nightside, and which worlds are not locked.
Exoplanet atmospheres are studied by splitting starlight into spectra. See how transmission, emission and cross-correlation methods find molecules.
An exoplanet is a planet orbiting a star other than the Sun. Learn how astronomers find them with transits, wobbles, imaging and lensing.